Wednesday, November 11, 2026

DP26024 Book Genres. V01 111126

 Times Copyright Acknowledged (111126)


Booker winner seeks end of genres

David Sanderson - Arts Correspondent

Publishers make ludicrous statements about novels that are offensive to authors, the Booker prize winner has said as he called for an end to the packaging of books into genres.

M John Harrison said that being pushed into genre categories crippled writers by limiting their audiences and the number of literary tools they could use in their stories.

Harrison has been classed as a science fiction writer but The End of Everything, which was announced as the winner of the Booker on Monday, mixes several genres.

He said the industry had been bracketing books for too long and was not “doing anything” to break down the categories. Harrison said, after collecting his £50,000 cheque: “The whole of book marketing has been generic for so long now that the momentum that that concept has is huge.”

He added: “In the end you want something like this [winning the prize] to happen because it gives you permission to be who you are without a label being stuck on your forehead.”

Harrison, 81, said he would use his platform to continue his “drive against the whole concept of generification” and that he hoped his victory showed mainstream publishers that it was “very possible to write a book that mixes not just two genres but three or four”.

Mary Beard, the chair of this year’s jury, said it had encountered many novels which had misleading marketing material. “It is partly not actually what is being written in the novel but the way it is then packaged in the blurb and on the front cover,” she said.

“We saw many novels where there was something genre-bending going on inside but the cover would say ‘a coming-of-age novel’. It is being packaged in those terms even when it isn’t.”

Harrison added: “Framing is one of the most important things. There is almost no point these days writing your own book because it will be framed as something else to sell it.

“The most ludicrous statements will be made about it and to a degree that’s quite offensive.” Last month Richard Osman raised the issue of genre classification, revealing that books in his Thursday Murder Club series were marketed as murder mysteries “because people don’t buy comedies”.

Harrison, whose winning novel was published by Serpent’s Tail, said “independents are much more open” to “mixed-genre” or “non-genre” fiction.

“Genre cripples you,” he said, adding that books should be able to “take advantage of any aspect of any genre that comes to hand to solve the writer’s problems ... books are about solving problems. It can be solved into a pigeon-hole but what is the point of that. You limit your audience and I want to talk to anybody, everybody.”

Harrison is the oldest person to win the Booker prize. He said that he would probably spend the money on “repairs to the house”. He added: “If it was 20 years ago I would have spent it on climbing equipment and going to France to climb but I’m too old for that now.”


My books? They’re Marmite’
M John Harrison, at 81 the oldest winner of the Booker, talks to John Self about ‘weird’ writing and spending his £50,000 prize money on a new roof

‘I remember  saying to my editor, ‘This book I’m working on, it’s pretty weird.’ And she said, ‘Mike, we’ll lean into it.’ And I thought, ‘Wow, this is what an author wants to hear after 40years!’”

I’m talking to the novelist M John Harrison — known as Mike — who, at 81 years old, on Monday night became the oldest writer to win the Booker prize for fiction, when his novel The End of Everything triumphed. We’re speaking the morning after the award ceremony, and for a man who says he got no sleep last night, he’s surprisingly bright and sprightly, and laughs frequently as we talk.

When he won, the cameras in the room zoomed in on a man with his hand on his mouth, an expression of complete amazement on his face. “It was a shock,” he says. “A good shock, obviously.”

One reason why Harrison’s win was a shock was that he has been writing “pretty weird” stuff for a long time. He never seemed like mainstream literary award material, even when his career got a boost in 2021 after his previous novel, The Sunken Land Begins to Rise Again, won the Goldsmiths prize for fiction that “breaks the mould”. For a writer like this to win the Booker, the biggest prize of them all — “I told myself many years ago that if I could get a longlist for the Booker, I’d be doing well” — is a ground-shaking, life-changing achievement. “The Goldsmiths and [then] this prize, that was like permission,” he says.

“Permission to write who you are and what you want.”

The End of Everything has been described variously as a dystopia, a science fiction novel, a black comedy and more. It’s set in England after a crisis of unclear origin involving an invasion of beings known as the iGhetti, and it’s about how people try to carry on in the aftermath without really knowing what’s going on. But description is pointless: it’s the sort of book that’s impossible to encapsulate in summary. You need to read it.

But not everyone who does will like it. “You either love it or hate it,”

Harrison says of his work. “It’s Marmite. People who pick it up instantly, they become lifetime users.”

He laughs. Does it surprise him that people often find his books difficult or confusing? “Yes and no. It does surprise me because I personally like to read books that are difficult to access, they hold my interest. Whereas books that are easy to access, they bore me quite quickly.

“Someone said, the mystery is what counts, not the solution. What drags a reader through the book is the mystery. Once you produce a solution, the moment you produce closure, that’s the end for that book. Whereas if you keep the possibilities open while providing the best narrative push you can, you’ll keep the reader. That’s my idea, anyway.”

Harrison’s dedication to writing the sort of books he wants to, and not compromising, means he has never been a big name — until now. But he has been a writer most of his adult life, bar a few early jobs. “I worked in a hunting stable for a while as a 17-yearold,” he says. “I was keen on horses, [though] why escapes me now. They’re large, they tread on your feet.”

Harrison was born in 1945 in Rugby, Warwickshire. His father, an engineer, died when he was 13 and Harrison, who didn’t enjoy school — he used to regularly bunk off — left formal education at 18. An omnivorous reader, in his teens he started writing stories for science fiction magazines.

He joined New Worlds science fiction magazine as an editor in his mid-twenties and has lived by his pen ever since. “I decided that if you’re going to be a writer, you should try to live on it, it should be your work, so I lived hand to mouth quite a bit without a job,” he says. “And no one should take this advice but if you put yourself in a position where writing is all you’ve got to make a living with, that really does focus you amazingly.” His first novel, The Committed Men, was published in 1971.

Apart from the validation a prize like the Booker brings, the money — £50,000 — is welcome too. “I’ve never made much money, so all payment is good payment as far as I’m concerned,” he says. What will he do with the money? “We might repair some of the house, get a decent roof on.” He lives with his partner, Cath Phillips, in “a very old house — 1785 or something like that” — in Shropshire.

They have no children but Phillips’s nieces “apparently jumped around the living room shrieking when my name was announced”.

Harrison’s books have been published variously as fantasy (the Viriconium quartet), science fiction (the Kefahuchi Tract trilogy) and literary fiction (The End of Everything).

Does he find it strange to have his books shelved in different locations in bookshops? “Strange is perhaps not the word. It makes me angry. Categories aren’t inevitable, they don’t exist naturally. And the mixing of categories seems to me just the author taking what they need to write the book.”

His genre-blending approach does have some benefits. “When I wrote Climbers [his 1989 novel about rock climbers], I walked into one of the big bookshops and found it shelved in five different places. Autobiography, contemporary novels, sport, rock climbing and something else. And I thought, this is heaven! They can’t decide how to categorise this book.”

A similarly blended approach to writing was taken by one of Harrison’s literary heroes, JG Ballard. He was “a huge influence especially between the ages of 16 and 20, along with TS Eliot.”

Ballard “wrote a vibe”, Harrison says, “and you felt it as you read it. At the end, you didn’t know anything more than you had at the beginning [but] you’re left with a feeling, and a message that is visceral and emotional, and I adored that.”

"I’ll just keep going until Mr Alzheimer comes to call

I wonder if a novelist as innovative as Harrison thinks AI could write fiction one day. “I don’t think we can see far enough into the future to know what it can do,” he says, but adds: “I have read two reviews of [The End of Everything] which I was delighted by — and then horrified to learn they had been written by AI. I enjoyed the reviews and thought they were very accurate!” And does this specialist in dystopian worlds believe the AI apocalypse is coming, as we’re often told? “I think that is overrated as an idea. It strikes me as science fiction.

But who am I to know? We’ve seen too much but we haven’t seen enough.”

Harrison remains modest about his work — he said in his acceptance speech that he was “totally lacking in confidence” — but he believes Climbers is the best book he has written “or will write. I don’t expect to match Climbers because it’s the perfect blend between a niche subject and a completely human approach”.

He used to be a rock climber himself. Has he stopped? “I packed it in after Covid, when I was on a route in Stanage Edge near Sheffield, in the rain. And I wasn’t enjoying it any more. [I thought], ‘Damn this for a game of soldiers.’ It’s very sad because it was my prime obsession for a long time.”

Where does that obsession go now? “It goes solely into the fiction now. In a way, it was a good choice.

It allowed me to become re-obsessed by writing.” And with a Booker win under his belt, it feels like a “massive career change” anyway. “I’ll just keep going,” he concludes. “I’ll just keep going until Mr Alzheimer comes to call.” He laughs again, longer than ever.

The End of Everything by M John Harrison (Serpent’s Tail £16.99)

Monday, November 9, 2026

DP26023 Nonfiction - The Map that Changed the World V01 091126

 Source: ChatGPT (091126)


The Map That Changed the World


By Simon Winchester


William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology


1. What is the book about?


This is the remarkable true story of William Smith (1769–1839), an ordinary working-class Englishman who made one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the 19th century.


Smith was the son of a village blacksmith in Oxfordshire. He had little formal education, no wealth and no influential connections.


Yet, through extraordinary observation, curiosity and determination, he effectively founded modern geology and created the world’s first nationwide geological map.


Simon Winchester tells the story of how Smith changed our understanding of the Earth, but also how his achievement brought him poverty, betrayal and years of hardship before he finally received recognition.


2. The discovery that changed everything


In the late 18th century, Smith worked as a surveyor and engineer, particularly on the construction of canals.


While digging canals and examining coal mines, he began noticing something unusual about the rocks beneath the ground.


He observed three important things:


First: Rocks occur in layers.


The Earth’s surface is made up of different layers of rock, known as strata.


Second: Each layer contains distinctive fossils.


Certain fossils appeared consistently in particular rock layers, while other fossils appeared in different layers.


Third: These layers could be traced over considerable distances.


Even when the rocks looked different at the surface, their fossils could reveal that they belonged to the same geological layer.


This led Smith to a revolutionary conclusion:


Fossils could be used to identify the age and position of rock layers and trace them across the countryside.


This became one of the foundations of modern geology.


The principle is now known as faunal succession.


3. Twenty years of extraordinary dedication


Smith became obsessed with documenting the geological structure of Britain.


For approximately twenty years, he travelled extensively throughout England, Wales and parts of Scotland.


He walked, rode horses and travelled by stagecoach, examining:

• Hills and valleys.

• Cliffs and rock formations.

• Coal mines and quarries.

• Fossils and geological deposits.

• The different layers of the Earth’s crust.


He painstakingly recorded his observations and collected fossils.


Gradually, he assembled a picture of the geological structure beneath the British landscape.


His ambition was to produce a map showing not simply the visible landscape but the rocks and geological formations hidden beneath it.


It was an extraordinary undertaking for one man, particularly someone without institutional backing or financial resources.


4. The map that changed the world


In 1815, Smith finally published his great achievement:


A Geological Map of England and Wales, with part of Scotland.


It was enormous, approximately eight feet high and six feet wide, and beautifully hand-coloured.


Different colours represented different geological formations.


For the first time, people could see the underlying geological structure of an entire country presented in a systematic and scientifically meaningful way.


The map was revolutionary because it transformed geology from a largely descriptive subject into a practical science.


It helped people understand where particular minerals, rocks and coal deposits could be found.


Its implications were enormous for:

• Coal mining.

• Mineral exploration.

• Canal construction.

• Railway development.

• Engineering and construction.

• Understanding the Earth’s history.


Smith had effectively created a new way of looking at the world.


5. The tragedy: Success followed by disaster


Perhaps the most moving part of the book is what happened to Smith after his achievement.


You might imagine that someone who had produced such an extraordinary scientific work would become wealthy and celebrated.


The opposite happened.


Smith was not a member of the wealthy scientific establishment.


The Geological Society of London was dominated by educated, well-connected gentlemen who regarded him as socially inferior.


Worse still, his work was copied.


A prominent geological figure, George Bellas Greenough, produced a geological map that drew heavily on Smith’s research.


Greenough had the social connections and financial resources that Smith lacked.


Smith struggled to sell his map and eventually found himself in serious financial difficulties.


In 1819, he was imprisoned for debt.


His personal life was also troubled. His marriage deteriorated, and his wife suffered serious mental illness.


He eventually lost his home and spent years struggling to find employment.


For nearly a decade, the man who had transformed geology lived in relative obscurity and hardship.


6. Recognition finally arrives


Smith’s contribution was eventually recognised.


In 1831, he received the first Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society of London, one of the highest honours in geology.


King William IV also granted him a lifetime pension.


The scientific establishment finally acknowledged the importance of his work.


Smith became known as:


The Father of English Geology.


He died in 1839, having lived long enough to see his contribution recognised.


7. The five biggest lessons from the book


Beyond geology, Winchester’s book offers some important lessons about life, achievement and human nature.


Lesson 1: Observation can be more powerful than education


Smith was not an academically privileged man.


His greatest asset was his ability to observe patterns that others overlooked.


He demonstrated that curiosity, careful observation and persistence can produce discoveries of extraordinary importance.


Lesson 2: Great achievements often require extraordinary persistence


Smith spent around twenty years developing his geological map.


He had no large research team, no modern technology and little financial support.


His achievement came through patience and sustained effort.


Lesson 3: Being right does not guarantee recognition


Smith had made the discovery, but influential people were better positioned to receive recognition and commercial benefits.


The book illustrates how social class, connections and institutional power can influence whose achievements are celebrated.


Lesson 4: Practical knowledge can change the world


Smith’s work was not simply an academic exercise.


It had immediate practical applications in mining, transport, engineering and industry.


His discovery demonstrated the enormous value of understanding the natural world.


Lesson 5: Recognition can come very late


Smith suffered financially and professionally despite his extraordinary contribution.


His eventual recognition came only after years of disappointment.


His story is a reminder that the importance of someone’s work is not always recognised during their lifetime.


8. Why did this particular map change the world?


This is perhaps the most important question raised by the book.


Before Smith, people had very limited understanding of how the Earth’s geological layers fitted together.


His map helped establish that:

1. The Earth has a long and complex history.

2. Different rock layers were formed at different times.

3. Fossils provide evidence of the sequence of life through geological time.

4. The same geological formations can be identified across widely separated geographical areas.

5. The Earth’s structure can be studied systematically and scientifically.


These ideas helped establish the foundations upon which later geological and evolutionary thinking developed.


Smith did not himself establish the theory of evolution, but his work contributed to the growing scientific understanding of geological time and the history of life.


9. My overall assessment of the book


I would describe this book as a biography of a remarkable man wrapped around the birth of a new science.


It is about much more than rocks, fossils and geological maps.


It is about:

• Curiosity and discovery.

• The power of independent thinking.

• The relationship between science and industry.

• The influence of wealth and social class.

• Professional jealousy and plagiarism.

• The personal sacrifices behind great achievements.


Winchester is particularly good at making a technical subject accessible through the story of an individual.


The book also reminds us that some of the most important discoveries in history were made by people working outside the established centres of power.


10. The central message in one paragraph


William Smith was an ordinary man who developed an extraordinary understanding of the Earth through observation, hard work and persistence. By recognising that fossils could identify and connect geological layers across great distances, he created the first geological map of an entire country in 1815. His discovery transformed geology and provided practical foundations for mining, engineering and industrial development. Yet he was exploited, plagiarised, imprisoned for debt and largely ignored by the scientific establishment. Eventually, his genius was recognised. His story demonstrates that great ideas can come from unlikely places, that persistence can change the world, and that history does not always give credit to its greatest contributors.


One sentence to remember:


William Smith taught the world to read the history of the Earth written in its rocks.


A useful final thought


One of the most fascinating aspects of this book is that Smith’s work was not merely about understanding what lay beneath the ground. It was about understanding time.


Every layer of rock represented a chapter in the Earth’s history, and every fossil provided evidence of life that existed millions of years before humanity.


Smith helped reveal that the Earth had a history vastly older and more complicated than most people of his time had imagined.


That is why his map really did change the world.


Further reading: Simon Winchester’s own website has an excellent introduction to the story, including an extract from the book: The Map That Changed the World – Simon Winchester.